ENSO variability refers to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, a climate pattern that occurs in the tropical Pacific Ocean. ENSO events can have significant impacts on weather patterns, sea surface temperatures, and precipitation around the world. This variability is characterized by the alternating phases of El Niño and La Niña, with El Niño events bringing warmer ocean temperatures and changes in atmospheric circulation, while La Niña events bring cooler ocean temperatures and different atmospheric patterns. Researchers study ENSO variability to better understand and predict the impacts of these events on various regions, including their effects on agriculture, water resources, and extreme weather events. Studies may focus on the mechanisms driving ENSO, the teleconnections between ENSO and other regions, and the potential influences of climate change on ENSO variability. Understanding ENSO variability is crucial for improving climate forecasting and adaptation strategies to mitigate the impacts of these events.